【提要】 MicroRNAs是一種長度在19~23個核苷酸左右的非編碼小分子RNA，通過抑制靶mRNA的表達或翻譯，調控人體30%以上基因的表達。MicroRNAs的表達異常可導致多種疾病，包括糖尿病。胰島素是人體唯一降血糖激素，其分泌不足及作用缺陷會引起T2DM。胰島β細胞中有多種MicroRNAs表達，這些MicroRNAs可調節胰島素的合成與分泌，影響胰島β細胞增殖。另外，胰島素靶組織上的MicroRNAs可通過調節胰島素信號通路影響胰島素的作用。由于MicroRNAs具有組織特異性，并且在不同疾病中會有相應的表達改變，因此MicroRNAs有作為多種疾病的生物標記及治療靶點的潛力。本文將對在MicroRNAs在調控胰島素的分泌、合成及作用方面作一綜述。

【關鍵詞】微RNAs;糖尿病;胰島素分泌;胰島素合成;胰島素信號通路

【Summary】MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs of 19-23 nucleotides, and regulate up to 30% of human genes by inhibiting target mRNAs expression or translation. Aberrant expression of microRNAs has been implicated to play a role in many diseases, such as diabetes. Insulin is the only hormone that reduces blood glucose. Defects in insulin action and insulin secretion are two features of type 2 diabetes. microRNAs expression in pancreatic β-cells, were reported to regulate insulin secretion and pancreatic β-cell proliferation, and microRNAs in peripheral tissues influence the insulin effect through regulating insulin signaling pathway. The tissue specificity of miRNAs and aberrant expression in different diseases provided potential targets for diagnosis and treatment. In the present mini review, the roles of miRNA in insulin secretion, biosynthesis and its signaling pathway were introduced.

【Key words】MicroRNAs; Disbetes; Insulin secretion; Insulin production; Insulin signaling pathway